The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has urged the low- and middle-income countries to bridge the digital divide, tackle regulatory capacity and compliance issues to take full advantage of global trade opportunities.
The organisation came up with the call at its “World Trade Report 2024' released on Monday. The theme of the report is 'Trade and inclusiveness: How to make trade work for all.”
It also emphasised a comprehensive strategy that integrates open trade with supportive domestic policies to make trade more inclusive such as vocational training, unemployment benefits, education for a more skilled and mobile workforce, competition policy to ensure consumers benefit from lower prices, reliable infrastructure, and well-functioning financial markets.
The 2024 edition of the WTO's World Trade Report presented strong evidence that trade has played a crucial role in narrowing the income gap between economies since the WTO was established 30 years ago.
The report said greater international trade cooperation is also necessary to address evolving challenges in areas crucial to the future of trade.
Better coordination among international organizations could help to leverage synergies between trade policies and complementary policies, and reinforce their impact on inclusiveness across and within economies, it added.
"Perhaps the biggest takeaway from the report is its reaffirmation of trade's transformative role in reducing poverty and creating shared prosperity - contrary to the currently fashionable notion that trade, and institutions like the WTO, have not been good for poverty or poor countries, and are creating a more unequal world," said WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.
"But the second biggest takeaway is that there is much more we can do to make trade and the WTO work better for economies and people left behind during the past 30 years of globalization," she added.
Examining how international trade has contributed to making the global economy more inclusive, the WTO report showcased data establishing a strong link between trade participation and the narrowing of income disparities among economies.
From 1996 to 2021, a high trade share in GDP is significantly correlated to faster growth in low- and middle-income economies, converging to the level of GDP per capita in high-income economies, it added.
Moreover, membership in the WTO and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has boosted trade between members by an average of 140 per cent, while economies that undergo rigorous WTO accession negotiations are shown to grow 1.5 percentage points faster during their accession period.
Analysis further suggested that trade cost reductions between 1995 and 2020 led to a 20 to 35 per cent faster income convergence of low- and middle-income economies with high-income economies.
Contrary to common belief, the report found a weak correlation between trade openness and within-country income inequality, based on a comparison of the 2021 Gini inequality index and the trade openness index of 157 economies.
The report also highlighted challenges, noting that many economies with weak trade participation and high commodity dependence have been left behind.
Between 1996 and 2021, low- and middle-income economies that grew slower than the average high-income economy in income-per-capita terms represented 13 per cent of the global population and were mainly in Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, it added
It mentioned that low- and middle-income economies that have lagged generally tend to engage less in international trade, receive less foreign direct investment, rely more on commodities, export less complex products, and trade with fewer partners.
"Less trade will not promote inclusiveness, nor will trade alone," said WTO Chief Economist Ralph Ossa.
"True inclusiveness demands a comprehensive strategy - one that integrates open trade with supportive domestic policies and robust international cooperation," he added.
