One year after the Russia-Ukraine conflicts, the surge in global food prices that the war triggered has subsided but there are still reasons for worry - prices remain elevated, and new shocks could send them soaring again, according to the World Bank.
It said food prices shot up when Russian forces blockaded Ukraine's Black Sea ports, halting shipments of cereals from one of the world's biggest exporters. Many countries reacted by curbing or stopping food or fertiliSer exports in an effort to protect domestic food supplies, it added.
"Those measures were counterproductive and only drove prices higher, briefly threatening a food crisis in developing countries that depend on imports of food," said the global development partner.
Now, many of those measures have lapsed and high prices are mainly a reflection of broader global inflation, said the World Bank, adding that in January, the average price of corn was 31 per cent higher compared with January 2021, and the price of wheat was 14 per cent higher. Rice prices were two per cent lower, it said.
Nevertheless, it said the number of remaining restrictions is troubling. One year after the outbreak of war on February 24 last year, 101 export restrictions, including quotas, licences, and outright bans, remain in place, suggesting that, contrary to WTO principles, the limits have not all been temporary.
"Those restrictions cover more than 11 per cent of 2022 food trade. Export bans alone cover up to 3.8 per cent of global food trade," it said.
The World Bank said in the first half of 2022, bans imposed by Russia -- which supplies almost a third of the world's wheat -- and other exporters covered 34.5 per cent of global wheat shipments and accounted for a quarter of the 52.7 per cent increase in prices.
Bans on exports of corn covered 5.2 per cent of global shipments and accounted for more than three quarters of the overall 16.7 per cent increase, it added.
The picture has improved since the middle of last year, it said, adding that on July 22, an agreement involving Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, and United Nations enabled grain shipments from three Ukrainian ports to resume. Russia and other key producers removed export restrictions, and good summer harvests helped damp prices, it said adding that the European Union and Australia have increased shipments, making up for lower Canadian exports.
The US Department of Agriculture forecasts a 5 per cent increase in world food trade in the 12 months ending on June 30, 2022. On the other hand, the USDA predicts a 4.5 per cent contraction in shipments of rice, another key staple, as reduced exports from Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan, and the United States more than offset an increase from India.
Nevertheless, further trade policy measures could alarm commodity markets, generating bigger price increases, said the World Bank.
It said in September 2022, India banned exports of broken rice — used primarily as animal feed — and imposed a 20 per cent duty on exports of other grades of rice to boost supplies and damp local prices following below-average rainfall in key producing areas.
"India's ban covers 5 per cent of global exports of rice and is expected to increase global prices by 2 per cent, while bans imposed by other exporters could raise prices by another 2.3 per cent. Further restrictions by India could raise world prices of rice by between 4.3 per cent and 12.1 per cent. Should exporters such as Thailand and Vietnam respond by banning exports, that could result in a multiplier effect that pushes up prices by up to 20 per cent," said the global lender.
Similarly, it said a ban by one of the top three exporters of corn or wheat could drive up prices by 44 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively.
"Further increases in prices of key staples will hurt low and lower-middle income countries that are highly dependent on imports," it said.
