Vietnam and the new Pacific Trade Triangle

Vietnam is highly integrated into the global economy and since 2017, trade has consistently sat above 200 per cent of GDP. Vietnam has trade relationships with more than 150 countries, but the majority of its trade is concentrated between China, South Korea, and the United States — forming a new Pacific Trade Triangle.

In 2020, the United States and China accounted for 45 per cent of Vietnam’s exports. The share of Chinese and South Korean imports rose to 50 per cent, with one third of total imports coming from China. The type of products traded, and the trade imbalance between partners, is noteworthy. Reliance on the United States as an export destination, representing about 40 per cent of Vietnamese exports in 2020, has seen Vietnam’s trade surplus with Washington rise rapidly in recent years.

Vietnam is highly dependent on imports of intermediate goods such as semi-processed products and capital goods from China and South Korea, resulting in large trade deficits with these countries — with a strong inclination towards China. In 2020, China accounted for 32 per cent of semi-processed industrial goods, 27 per cent of parts and 38 per cent of capital goods imported into Vietnam. South Korea’s shares were 16 per cent, 36 per cent and 21 per cent respectively.

This trade pattern resembles a new Pacific Trade Triangle comprised of China, South Korea, and the United States, with Vietnam as the focal point. The Triangle of the 1980s featured industrialising Asian economies such as South Korea and Taiwan, who imported intermediate and capital goods from Japan and exported final consumer goods to the United States.

This led to large trade deficits with the former and surpluses with the latter, resulting in a trade conflict with the United States. Newly industrialising economies in Asia solved this problem by substituting imports from Japan for upgrades in their own industrial structures.

The current Pacific Trade Triangle in which Vietnam is enmeshed is riskier. On the one hand, the United States may impose protectionist measures on trading partners with which it has large deficits. On the other hand, over reliance on imports from China may bring about instability when changes in Chinese domestic policy affects trade with neighbouring countries.

China’s strict border controls under its zero-COVID-19 policy have seriously restricted Vietnam’s agricultural exports, and a sudden reduction in the supply of inputs from China will negatively affect Vietnamese industrial production. There is also the risk that China may exploit the weaknesses of its trading partners to gain concessions in diplomatic or territorial disputes.

The current trade pattern also reflects Vietnam’s low level of industrialisation characterised by its production of labour-intensive goods and participation in the preliminary stages of global supply chains. Vietnam can upgrade its industrial structure by substituting imports from China and South Korea. In addition to gradually diversifying its exports away from the United States, this industrialisation strategy would dismantle the new Pacific Trade Triangle and stabilise Vietnam’s trade structure.

eastasiaforum