Debt problems at a major Chinese property developer have now spilled over into a vital artery of the nation's industrial engine - the steel sector - and started to ripple through to other critical parts of the world's second-largest economy.
The spreading balance-sheet crisis at real estate firms is a warning for policymakers as a swing in the fortunes of the steel industry would have significant repercussions for China's economy, with cement, glass, and household appliances all vulnerable to demand drops.
Already, steel prices are down from their record highs seen earlier this year due to easing demand from construction activities, which account for over half of the metal's consumption, while steelmakers' share prices have also been hurt.
Share prices of major Chinese listed firms dropped from high levels in recent months on easing demand and lower raw materials prices.
Steel's acute sensitivity to the ebbs and flows in construction and manufacturing makes it a closely-tracked bellwether for China's economy, which has started to slow down from the second quarter. Steel firms are also massive employers that support a vast supply chain.
Hitting steel operations, real estate developers have dialled back investment in projects to conserve cash in a sector squeezed by tighter borrowing regulations that have engulfed indebted companies, most notably China Evergrande Group.
"We normally stockpile steel products in winter at relatively lower prices and sell them after the new year holidays when consumption resumes. But we are holding off this year," said Qi Xiaoliang, a Beijing-based steel trader.
"There's still uncertainty in the real estate market for 2022 and the situation is not expected to be fully reversed for another six to 12 months," he added.
In the final quarter of 2021, the property market took a further hit as the unease in the sector shook already weak buyer sentiment, with unsold housing stock in China's 100 biggest cities reaching a five-year high in November.
Demand for homes is expected to ease further in 2022, hitting downstream manufacturers of household products.
Cement production, another construction material, was down around 16 per cent for September-November year-on-year, and was lower versus the same period between 2017 and 2019. Demand for earth excavators has also dropped off in recent months.
The broadening spillover impact of the property downturn was also seen elsewhere. In the appliances industry, for example, monthly refrigerator output has been falling since May through to November on an annual basis.
Reversal in fortunes
Steel producers were among the best performers of the entire Chinese economy over the first three quarters of 2021, with China's 28 major listed mills pocketing over 106 billion yuan ($16.61 billion) in net profits, up 174 per cent year-on-year and 129 per cent higher than in pre-pandemic 2019.
Major Chinese listed steel mills' profits jumped in the first nine months of 2021.
But the boom times in the steel sector are over. The paralysis that has struck China's mammoth construction industry is triggering a rare contraction in building activity across the country.
New construction starts by floor area have contracted from a year earlier since July - their longest stretch of declines since 2015.
Growth in China's property investment and new construction starts measured by floor area fell in recent months amid developers' default crisis and government's controls.
The slowdown in the real estate sector has dented China's monthly crude steel output by more than 20 per cent since September.
The closely-tracked steel equity instruments and commodities futures have captured the reversal of fortunes.
After gaining roughly 90 per cent through mid-September, the CSI steel equities index has plunged 27 per cent since, while futures prices for construction materials rebar and wire rod have tumbled 24 per cent and 31 per cent respectively from their historical highs to erase almost all their gains this year.
As steel producers hit the brakes, the key inputs used in steelmaking have also taken a shellacking, with Dalian Commodity Exchange iron ore futures down more than 45 per cent from their record in May.
Gross profits for steel rebar have started to trend down from the peak seen in late September.
China's steel rebar output fell in recent months due to easing property market demand.
Uncertain outlook
Property-related sectors are the single biggest contributor to China's economy, accounting for 28 per cent of GDP in 2021, down from a recent peak of 35 per cent in 2016.
The GDP share is broken down into a 7 per cent direct contribution from property and a 21 per cent indirect contribution from construction and through sectors along the supply chain such as machinery and equipment, according to Moody's.
China’s house prices show rare weakness as construction sector debt woes bite
A government industry consultancy forecast China's steel demand will slip 0.7 per cent in 2022, following an expected 4.7 per cent decline this year.
Looking ahead, any extended credit constraints "could reduce demand for metals used in construction as developers lose the ability to pay for raw materials at high prices," analysts with Fitch Solutions wrote in a recent note to clients.
If the contraction in construction spending endures, it will then affect the producers of appliances and white goods that constitute a key part of China's critical manufacturing base.
China seasonal output of steel, cement and key appliances
"Property construction has been the engine of China's economy for over two decades now," said Frederic Neumann, Co-Head of Asian Economics Research at HSBC.
"With building activity likely to remain depressed for quite some time, growth will inevitably shift down a gear or two."
